Benthic Foraminifera

2. Textularid

Thin section stained with alizarin red showing a partly dolomitized (white unstained dolomite crystals) packstone with undolomitized crinoid fragments and a specimen of the textularids foraminifer Climacammina.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

3. Fusulinid and Textularid

Skeletal rudstone/grainstone with skeletal components at the outer platform/margin belt: on the left a Chaetetes sponge fragment coated by Archaeolithophyllum lamellosum; in the centre a section of the fusulinoidean Staffella and on the centre right Bradyina.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias; cf. Della Porta et al. (2004, 2005)

4. Fusulinid and Textularid

Skeletal grainstone with in the centre left a specimen of Staffella and on the right an oblique section of Climacammina associated with endothyrid foraminifera and beresellid algae.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

5. Tetrataxid

Clotted peloidal micrite microbial boundstone with a primary cavity supported by peloidal micrite with a Tetrataxis foraminifer encrusting and hanging from the microbial micrite roof.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

6. Tetrataxid

Ooidal coated grain grainstone including sparse ooids and micrite coated grains. In the centre a crinoid is encrusted by Tetrataxis and both are coated by oncoidal micrite envelopes of microbial/algal origin.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

7. Tuberitina

Calci-mudstone with a specimen of Tuberitina in the centre.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

8. Tuberitina

Skeletal wackestone to packstone with a specimen of the foraminifer Tuberitina (bottom left) encrusting an echinoid spine from Pennsylvanian lagoonal facies from North Spain (Escalada Formation).

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

9. Fusulinid

Skeletal grainstone with Permian fusulinid foraminifera.

Lower Permian, Hueco Mountains, New Mexico, USA

10. Fusulinid

Skeletal wackestone containing fusulinid foraminifera and crinoid ossicles from the Lower Permian of Kazakhstan subsurface.

Lower Permian, Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan

11. Fusulinid

Fusulinid grainstone from the Middle Permian Capitan Reef shelf, New Mexico.

Middle Permian, Capitan Reef, New Mexico, USA

12. Valvulinid

Peloidal skeletal wackestone with specimens of Siphovalvulina representative of a low-energy lagoonal setting of Early Jurassic age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

13. Pseudocyclammina

Pseudocyclammina liasica (Loftusiida, textularid foraminifera) of Pliensbachian shallow platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

14. Amijiella

Peloidal skeletal wackestone of Lower Jurassic protected lagoonal facies containing an oblique section of Amijiella (Haurania) amiji (Loftusiida, textularid foraminifera), valvulinids and ostracods.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

15. Involutinid

Coated grain packstone containing micrite coated Involutina liassica (centre) within an upper Sinemurian middle ramp facies.

Lower Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco, cf. Merino-Tome' et al. (2012), Della Porta et al. (2013)

16. Lenticulina

Micrite-coated grain packstone with a specimen of Lenticulina (nodosarid foraminifera) from upper Sinemurian middle ramp facies.

Lower Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco, cf. Merino-Tome' et al. (2012), Della Porta et al. (2013)

17. Orbitolina

Rudstone/packstone dominated by Orbitolina (textularid Loftusiida Orbitolinidae) foraminifera from the Lower Cretaceous of Oman.

Lower Cretaceous, Nafun area, central-eastern Oman

18. Orbitolina

Orbitolinid rudstone/packstone, compacted with sutured grain contacts, from the Lower Cretaceous Thamama Formation, Oman.

Lower Cretaceous, Thamama Formation, Oman

19. Cuneolina

Bioturbated skeletal packstone to wackestone rich in miliolids and Cuneolina foraminifera (textularid Ataxophragmioid) representative of Cretaceous lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

20. Cuneolina

Skeletal wackestone containing Cuneolina foraminifera (textularid Ataxophragmioid) and miliolids representative of Cretaceous lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

21. Cuneolina

Skeletal packstone rich in miliolid foraminifera and a specimen of Cuneolina (centre) representative of Cretaceous lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

22. Orbitolina

Skeletal grainstone containing Orbitolina (textularid Loftusiida Orbitolinidae) from Aptian-Cenomanian p.p. middle ramp.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

23. Choffatella

Skeletal wackestone containing Choffatella decipiens (textularid Loftusiida Cyclamminidae) and ostracods from Barremian-Aptian p.p. (Lower Cretaceous) lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

24. Orbitoides

Bioclastic grainstone consisting of rudist bivalve fragments and Orbitoides (rotalid foraminifera Orbitoidoidea) from Campanian-Maastrichtian ramp facies.

Upper Cretaceous, Central Apennine, Italy

25. Siderolites

Bioclastic grainstone consisting of rudist fragments and Siderolites calcitrapoides (rotalid foraminifera Calcarinidae) from Maastrichtian ramp facies.

Upper Cretaceous, Central Apennine, Italy

26. Miscellanea

Skeletal packstone composed of resedimented shallow-water derived grains containing Miscellanea (rotalid foraminifera Nonionoidea), Ranikothalia (rotalid foraminifera Nummulitoidea) and Rotalia (right upper corner).

Palaeocene, Central Apennines, Italy

27. Orbitolites

Skeletal packstone of Thanetian-Bartonian platform interior facies containing Orbitolites (miliolid foraminifera Soritidae).

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

28. Opertorbitolites

Coated grain (micrite coated) packstone to grainstone containing miliolids and Opertorbitolites (miliolid foraminifera Soritidae) of Thanetian-Ypresian platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

29. Alveolina

Skeletal packstone to grainstone with specimen of Alveolina (miliolid foraminifera Alveolinidae) of Thanetian p.p.-middle Eocene inner ramp and platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

30. Alveolina and Nummulites

Skeletal packstone to grainstone containing alveolinids (miliolid foraminifera Alveolinidae) and Nummulites (rotalid foraminifera Nummulitidae) from Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

31. Alveolina

Skeletal grainstone with Alveolina of Thanetian p.p.-middle Eocene inner ramp and platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

32. Miliolids and Rotalids

Skeletal grainstone showing the differences in test, coiling and carbonate shell structure between miliolid and rotalid foraminifera.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

33. Miliolids and Rotalids

Skeletal grainstone showing the differences in test, coiling and carbonate shell structure between miliolid (Pyrgo) and rotalid (cortoid with rotalid foraminifer as nucleus) foraminifera.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

34. Alveolina and Nummulites

Skeletal packstone containing sparse alveolinids, gastropods and Nummulites (left corner) of Thanetian p.p. to middle Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

35. Nummulites and Operculina

Skeletal wackestone with a specimen of Nummulites (right), a possible Operculina (left), and a rotalid foraminifer (bottom centre) from a Thanetian p.p.-Oligocene p.p. outer ramp facies.

Palaeogene, Central Apennine, Italy

36. Nummulites and Lepidocyclina

Skeletal grainstone with aligned larger benthic foraminifers (Nummulites, fragments of Lepidocyclina) of an Oligocene inner ramp facies.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

37. Actinocyclina

Condensed packstone of middle-upper Eocene, middle to inner ramp facies containing Nummulites, Discocyclina, Operculina, Actinocyclina (upper right) and Lithothamnium red algae oncoids (rhodoids).

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

38. Spiroclypeus and Asterigerina

Condensed grainstone with coralline red algae, echinoid fragments and foraminifera: Asterigerina sp. (centre left), Spyroclypeus (centre) and Discocyclina sp. (right) from upper Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

39. Actinocyclina and Spiroclypeus

Condensed grainstone with rhodoids, echinoid, bryozoan fragments and foraminifera: Actinocyclina sp. (centre), Spyroclypeus (centre top), Carpenteria and Discocyclina sp. (bottom) from upper Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

40. Asterigerina

Skeletal packstone with a specimen of Asterigerina of Eocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

41. Gypsina

Micrite coated skeletal grains in a grainstone containing specimens of Gypsina, a miliolid (left corner) and a rotalid (centre) of possible Eocene-Oligocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

42. Chapmanina

Skeletal packstone with echinoderm fragments and Chapmanina of Priabonian age.

Eocene, Central Apennine, Italy

43. Silvestriella

Condensed packstone with Silvestriella tetraedra and Discocyclina of Eocene age.

Eocene, Central Apennine, Italy

44. Heterostegina

Skeletal packstone with Heterostegina sp. (right) and bryozoan (left).

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

45. Heterostegina and Lepidocyclina

Condensed grainstone with Heterostegina sp. in the centre and Lepidocyclina sp. in the right corner of late Oligocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

46. Heterostegina and Lepidocyclina

Condensed packstone with Heterostegina (centre) and Lepidocyclina (left and bottom) of late Oligocene age.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

47. Heterostegina

Packstone composed by Heterostegina fragments with whole specimens and a small Elphidium deposited in a Miocene inner ramp.

Miocene, Central Apennine, Italy

48. Spiroclypeus and Lepidocyclina

Condensed packstone with Spiroclypeus (centre), Lepidocyclina and Carpenteria of late Oligocene to early Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

49. Spiroclypeus and Lepidocyclina

Condensed packstone with Spiroclypeus (right corner) and Lepidocyclina of late Oligocene to early Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

50. Lepidocyclina and Amphistegina

Skeletal packstone with in the centre Lepidocyclina associated with Amphistegina and a possible fragment of Miogypsinoides (centre left) of latest Oligocene to early Miocene age

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

51. Lepidocyclina

Skeletal packstone with Lepidocyclina and Lithothamnium rhodoids of late Oligocene age.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

52. Amphistegina and Miogypsinoides

Condensed skeletal packstone with Amphistegina (left corner), Rotalia sp., Miogypsinoides and lepidocyclinids of latest Oligocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

53. Peneroplis

Skeletal packstone to wackestone of Oligocene inner platform facies containing one Nummulites sp. (on the right), Peneroplis sp. in the middle and a possible fragment of Archaias on the left.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

54. Archaias and Dendritina

Skeletal packstone of Oligocene inner platform containing Dendritina (on the right), miliolids, rotalids and a possible fragment of Archaias on the left.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

55. Miogypsinoides and Amphistegina

Condensed skeletal packstone with Amphystegina (lower left), Lithothamnium rhodoid (centre) and a fragment of Miogypsinoides sp. (centre right) indicative of an earliest Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

56. Heterostegina and Miogypsinoids

Condensed skeletal packstone with Heterostegina (centre) and Miogypsinoides (centre bottom) indicative of an earliest Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

57. Miogypsinoides and Lepidocyclina

Skeletal grainstone with Amphystegina (centre top), Miogypsinoides (upper left), bryozoans and Lepidocyclina (centre-right) suggesting a latest Oligocene-earliest Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

58. Miogypsina and Miogypsinoides

Condensed skeletal grainstone with Amphystegina (centre), Miogypsinoides (centre, right of a Amphistegina), Lepidocyclina (top), Miogypsina (bottom centre) and echinoid spines indicative of an early Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

59. Miogypsina

Specimen of Miogypsina suggesting an early Miocene to middle Miocene p.p. age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

60. Miogypsina

Skeletal grainstone with Miogypsina and bryozoans.

Lower Miocene, Central Apennine, Italy

61. Elphidium

Skeletal packstone with Elphidium crispum indicative of middle-late Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

62. Discocyclina

Packstone with specimens of Discocyclina from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

63. Discocyclina

Packstone with a specimen of Discocyclina with well developed pillars from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies (stained thin section appearing completely pink, suggesting that there is no dolomite).

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

64. Discocyclina

Skeletal packstone with a specimen of Discocyclina sp. from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies with abundant intraparticle (intraskeletal) porosity (blue epoxy).

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

65. Discocyclina

Packstone with a specimen of Discocyclina dispansa from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

66. Alveolina

Skeletal grainstone with a large, broken Alveolina (stratigraphic range mid-Palaeocene to Middle Eocene) in the centre, miliolids and an Orbitolites on the right from inner ramp Eocene facies, offshore India.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

67. Alveolina

Packstone with an Alveolina cross-section in the centre and Nummulites in the upper left part from Eocene inner ramp facies, offshore India.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

68. Alveolina

Cross-section of Alveolina from Eocene inner ramp facies, offshore India.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

69. Alveolina

Packstone with Alveolinid from the Eocene of the Pyrenees.

Eocene, Guara Limestone, Pyrenees, Spain

70. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp during Early-Middle Eocene.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

71. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

72. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

73. Coskinolina

Stained thin section of a skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene and rotalids.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

74. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene and rotalids.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

75. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene and rotalids.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

76. Miliolids

Skeletal grainstone (blocky sparite as cement) containing corroded miliolid and rotaliid fragments. Miliolid tests have been dissolved producing intraskeletal porosity due to leaching (blue epoxy).

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

77. Coskinolina

Skeletal grainstone with miliolids (upper left), large textulariid (right), Coskinolina (bottom) and rotaliid fragments.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India