Skeletal Grain types

Benthic Foraminifera

1. Fusulinid and Textularid

Skeletal grainstone with cross-sections of beresellid algae and two well preserved specimens of the textularid foraminifer Climacammina (centre left) and Bradyina (top right) in a calcite spar mosaic.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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2. Textularid

Thin section stained with alizarin red showing a partly dolomitized (white unstained dolomite crystals) packstone with undolomitized crinoid fragments and a specimen of the textularids foraminifer Climacammina.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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3. Fusulinid and Textularid

Skeletal rudstone/grainstone with skeletal components at the outer platform/margin belt: on the left a Chaetetes sponge fragment coated by Archaeolithophyllum lamellosum; in the centre a section of the fusulinoidean Staffella and on the centre right Bradyina.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias; cf. Della Porta et al. (2004, 2005)

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4. Fusulinid and Textularid

Skeletal grainstone with in the centre left a specimen of Staffella and on the right an oblique section of Climacammina associated with endothyrid foraminifera and beresellid algae.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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5. Tetrataxid

Clotted peloidal micrite microbial boundstone with a primary cavity supported by peloidal micrite with a Tetrataxis foraminifer encrusting and hanging from the microbial micrite roof.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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6. Tetrataxid

Ooidal coated grain grainstone including sparse ooids and micrite coated grains. In the centre a crinoid is encrusted by Tetrataxis and both are coated by oncoidal micrite envelopes of microbial/algal origin.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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7. Tuberitina

Calci-mudstone with a specimen of Tuberitina in the centre.

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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8. Tuberitina

Skeletal wackestone to packstone with a specimen of the foraminifer Tuberitina (bottom left) encrusting an echinoid spine from Pennsylvanian lagoonal facies from North Spain (Escalada Formation).

Pennsylvanian, Asturias, N Spain, cf. Bahamonde et al. (2015, 2017)

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9. Fusulinid

Skeletal grainstone with Permian fusulinid foraminifera.

Lower Permian, Hueco Mountains, New Mexico, USA

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10. Fusulinid

Skeletal wackestone containing fusulinid foraminifera and crinoid ossicles from the Lower Permian of Kazakhstan subsurface.

Lower Permian, Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan

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11. Fusulinid

Fusulinid grainstone from the Middle Permian Capitan Reef shelf, New Mexico.

Middle Permian, Capitan Reef, New Mexico, USA

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12. Valvulinid

Peloidal skeletal wackestone with specimens of Siphovalvulina representative of a low-energy lagoonal setting of Early Jurassic age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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13. Pseudocyclammina

Pseudocyclammina liasica (Loftusiida, textularid foraminifera) of Pliensbachian shallow platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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14. Amijiella

Peloidal skeletal wackestone of Lower Jurassic protected lagoonal facies containing an oblique section of Amijiella (Haurania) amiji (Loftusiida, textularid foraminifera), valvulinids and ostracods.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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15. Involutinid

Coated grain packstone containing micrite coated Involutina liassica (centre) within an upper Sinemurian middle ramp facies.

Lower Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco, cf. Merino-Tome' et al. (2012), Della Porta et al. (2013)

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16. Lenticulina

Micrite-coated grain packstone with a specimen of Lenticulina (nodosarid foraminifera) from upper Sinemurian middle ramp facies.

Lower Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco, cf. Merino-Tome' et al. (2012), Della Porta et al. (2013)

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17. Orbitolina

Rudstone/packstone dominated by Orbitolina (textularid Loftusiida Orbitolinidae) foraminifera from the Lower Cretaceous of Oman.

Lower Cretaceous, Nafun area, central-eastern Oman

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18. Orbitolina

Orbitolinid rudstone/packstone, compacted with sutured grain contacts, from the Lower Cretaceous Thamama Formation, Oman.

Lower Cretaceous, Thamama Formation, Oman

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19. Cuneolina

Bioturbated skeletal packstone to wackestone rich in miliolids and Cuneolina foraminifera (textularid Ataxophragmioid) representative of Cretaceous lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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20. Cuneolina

Skeletal wackestone containing Cuneolina foraminifera (textularid Ataxophragmioid) and miliolids representative of Cretaceous lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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21. Cuneolina

Skeletal packstone rich in miliolid foraminifera and a specimen of Cuneolina (centre) representative of Cretaceous lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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22. Orbitolina

Skeletal grainstone containing Orbitolina (textularid Loftusiida Orbitolinidae) from Aptian-Cenomanian p.p. middle ramp.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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23. Choffatella

Skeletal wackestone containing Choffatella decipiens (textularid Loftusiida Cyclamminidae) and ostracods from Barremian-Aptian p.p. (Lower Cretaceous) lagoonal facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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24. Orbitoides

Bioclastic grainstone consisting of rudist bivalve fragments and Orbitoides (rotalid foraminifera Orbitoidoidea) from Campanian-Maastrichtian ramp facies.

Upper Cretaceous, Central Apennine, Italy

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25. Siderolites

Bioclastic grainstone consisting of rudist fragments and Siderolites calcitrapoides (rotalid foraminifera Calcarinidae) from Maastrichtian ramp facies.

Upper Cretaceous, Central Apennine, Italy

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26. Miscellanea

Skeletal packstone composed of resedimented shallow-water derived grains containing Miscellanea (rotalid foraminifera Nonionoidea), Ranikothalia (rotalid foraminifera Nummulitoidea) and Rotalia (right upper corner).

Palaeocene, Central Apennines, Italy

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27. Orbitolites

Skeletal packstone of Thanetian-Bartonian platform interior facies containing Orbitolites (miliolid foraminifera Soritidae).

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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28. Opertorbitolites

Coated grain (micrite coated) packstone to grainstone containing miliolids and Opertorbitolites (miliolid foraminifera Soritidae) of Thanetian-Ypresian platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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29. Alveolina

Skeletal packstone to grainstone with specimen of Alveolina (miliolid foraminifera Alveolinidae) of Thanetian p.p.-middle Eocene inner ramp and platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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30. Alveolina and Nummulites

Skeletal packstone to grainstone containing alveolinids (miliolid foraminifera Alveolinidae) and Nummulites (rotalid foraminifera Nummulitidae) from Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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31. Alveolina

Skeletal grainstone with Alveolina of Thanetian p.p.-middle Eocene inner ramp and platform interior facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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32. Miliolids and Rotalids

Skeletal grainstone showing the differences in test, coiling and carbonate shell structure between miliolid and rotalid foraminifera.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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33. Miliolids and Rotalids

Skeletal grainstone showing the differences in test, coiling and carbonate shell structure between miliolid (Pyrgo) and rotalid (cortoid with rotalid foraminifer as nucleus) foraminifera.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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34. Alveolina and Nummulites

Skeletal packstone containing sparse alveolinids, gastropods and Nummulites (left corner) of Thanetian p.p. to middle Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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35. Nummulites and Operculina

Skeletal wackestone with a specimen of Nummulites (right), a possible Operculina (left), and a rotalid foraminifer (bottom centre) from a Thanetian p.p.-Oligocene p.p. outer ramp facies.

Palaeogene, Central Apennine, Italy

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36. Nummulites and Lepidocyclina

Skeletal grainstone with aligned larger benthic foraminifers (Nummulites, fragments of Lepidocyclina) of an Oligocene inner ramp facies.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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37. Actinocyclina

Condensed packstone of middle-upper Eocene, middle to inner ramp facies containing Nummulites, Discocyclina, Operculina, Actinocyclina (upper right) and Lithothamnium red algae oncoids (rhodoids).

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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38. Spiroclypeus and Asterigerina

Condensed grainstone with coralline red algae, echinoid fragments and foraminifera: Asterigerina sp. (centre left), Spyroclypeus (centre) and Discocyclina sp. (right) from upper Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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39. Actinocyclina and Spiroclypeus

Condensed grainstone with rhodoids, echinoid, bryozoan fragments and foraminifera: Actinocyclina sp. (centre), Spyroclypeus (centre top), Carpenteria and Discocyclina sp. (bottom) from upper Eocene inner ramp facies.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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40. Asterigerina

Skeletal packstone with a specimen of Asterigerina of Eocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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41. Gypsina

Micrite coated skeletal grains in a grainstone containing specimens of Gypsina, a miliolid (left corner) and a rotalid (centre) of possible Eocene-Oligocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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42. Chapmanina

Skeletal packstone with echinoderm fragments and Chapmanina of Priabonian age.

Eocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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43. Silvestriella

Condensed packstone with Silvestriella tetraedra and Discocyclina of Eocene age.

Eocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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44. Heterostegina

Skeletal packstone with Heterostegina sp. (right) and bryozoan (left).

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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45. Heterostegina and Lepidocyclina

Condensed grainstone with Heterostegina sp. in the centre and Lepidocyclina sp. in the right corner of late Oligocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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46. Heterostegina and Lepidocyclina

Condensed packstone with Heterostegina (centre) and Lepidocyclina (left and bottom) of late Oligocene age.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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47. Heterostegina

Packstone composed by Heterostegina fragments with whole specimens and a small Elphidium deposited in a Miocene inner ramp.

Miocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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48. Spiroclypeus and Lepidocyclina

Condensed packstone with Spiroclypeus (centre), Lepidocyclina and Carpenteria of late Oligocene to early Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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49. Spiroclypeus and Lepidocyclina

Condensed packstone with Spiroclypeus (right corner) and Lepidocyclina of late Oligocene to early Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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50. Lepidocyclina and Amphistegina

Skeletal packstone with in the centre Lepidocyclina associated with Amphistegina and a possible fragment of Miogypsinoides (centre left) of latest Oligocene to early Miocene age

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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51. Lepidocyclina

Skeletal packstone with Lepidocyclina and Lithothamnium rhodoids of late Oligocene age.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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52. Amphistegina and Miogypsinoides

Condensed skeletal packstone with Amphistegina (left corner), Rotalia sp., Miogypsinoides and lepidocyclinids of latest Oligocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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53. Peneroplis

Skeletal packstone to wackestone of Oligocene inner platform facies containing one Nummulites sp. (on the right), Peneroplis sp. in the middle and a possible fragment of Archaias on the left.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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54. Archaias and Dendritina

Skeletal packstone of Oligocene inner platform containing Dendritina (on the right), miliolids, rotalids and a possible fragment of Archaias on the left.

Oligocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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55. Miogypsinoides and Amphistegina

Condensed skeletal packstone with Amphystegina (lower left), Lithothamnium rhodoid (centre) and a fragment of Miogypsinoides sp. (centre right) indicative of an earliest Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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56. Heterostegina and Miogypsinoids

Condensed skeletal packstone with Heterostegina (centre) and Miogypsinoides (centre bottom) indicative of an earliest Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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57. Miogypsinoides and Lepidocyclina

Skeletal grainstone with Amphystegina (centre top), Miogypsinoides (upper left), bryozoans and Lepidocyclina (centre-right) suggesting a latest Oligocene-earliest Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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58. Miogypsina and Miogypsinoides

Condensed skeletal grainstone with Amphystegina (centre), Miogypsinoides (centre, right of a Amphistegina), Lepidocyclina (top), Miogypsina (bottom centre) and echinoid spines indicative of an early Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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59. Miogypsina

Specimen of Miogypsina suggesting an early Miocene to middle Miocene p.p. age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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60. Miogypsina

Skeletal grainstone with Miogypsina and bryozoans.

Lower Miocene, Central Apennine, Italy

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61. Elphidium

Skeletal packstone with Elphidium crispum indicative of middle-late Miocene age.

Thin section kindly provided by T. Geel, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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62. Discocyclina

Packstone with specimens of Discocyclina from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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63. Discocyclina

Packstone with a specimen of Discocyclina with well developed pillars from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies (stained thin section appearing completely pink, suggesting that there is no dolomite).

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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64. Discocyclina

Skeletal packstone with a specimen of Discocyclina sp. from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies with abundant intraparticle (intraskeletal) porosity (blue epoxy).

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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65. Discocyclina

Packstone with a specimen of Discocyclina dispansa from Eocene middle to outer ramp facies.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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66. Alveolina

Skeletal grainstone with a large, broken Alveolina (stratigraphic range mid-Palaeocene to Middle Eocene) in the centre, miliolids and an Orbitolites on the right from inner ramp Eocene facies, offshore India.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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67. Alveolina

Packstone with an Alveolina cross-section in the centre and Nummulites in the upper left part from Eocene inner ramp facies, offshore India.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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68. Alveolina

Cross-section of Alveolina from Eocene inner ramp facies, offshore India.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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69. Alveolina

Packstone with Alveolinid from the Eocene of the Pyrenees.

Eocene, Guara Limestone, Pyrenees, Spain

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70. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp during Early-Middle Eocene.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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71. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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72. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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73. Coskinolina

Stained thin section of a skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene and rotalids.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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74. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene and rotalids.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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75. Coskinolina

Skeletal packstone with textularid foraminifera such as Coskinolina, typical of the inner shelf or ramp in the Early-Middle Eocene and rotalids.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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76. Miliolids

Skeletal grainstone (blocky sparite as cement) containing corroded miliolid and rotaliid fragments. Miliolid tests have been dissolved producing intraskeletal porosity due to leaching (blue epoxy).

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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77. Coskinolina

Skeletal grainstone with miliolids (upper left), large textulariid (right), Coskinolina (bottom) and rotaliid fragments.

Eocene, Mukta Field, offshore India

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1. Fusulinid and Textularid

2. Textularid

3. Fusulinid and Textularid

4. Fusulinid and Textularid

5. Tetrataxid

6. Tetrataxid

7. Tuberitina

8. Tuberitina

9. Fusulinid

10. Fusulinid

11. Fusulinid

12. Valvulinid

13. Pseudocyclammina

14. Amijiella

15. Involutinid

16. Lenticulina

17. Orbitolina

18. Orbitolina

19. Cuneolina

20. Cuneolina

21. Cuneolina

22. Orbitolina

23. Choffatella

24. Orbitoides

25. Siderolites

26. Miscellanea

27. Orbitolites

28. Opertorbitolites

29. Alveolina

30. Alveolina and Nummulites

31. Alveolina

32. Miliolids and Rotalids

33. Miliolids and Rotalids

34. Alveolina and Nummulites

35. Nummulites and Operculina

36. Nummulites and Lepidocyclina

37. Actinocyclina

38. Spiroclypeus and Asterigerina

39. Actinocyclina and Spiroclypeus

40. Asterigerina

41. Gypsina

42. Chapmanina

43. Silvestriella

44. Heterostegina

45. Heterostegina and Lepidocyclina

46. Heterostegina and Lepidocyclina

47. Heterostegina

48. Spiroclypeus and Lepidocyclina

49. Spiroclypeus and Lepidocyclina

50. Lepidocyclina and Amphistegina

51. Lepidocyclina

52. Amphistegina and Miogypsinoides

53. Peneroplis

54. Archaias and Dendritina

55. Miogypsinoides and Amphistegina

56. Heterostegina and Miogypsinoids

57. Miogypsinoides and Lepidocyclina

58. Miogypsina and Miogypsinoides

59. Miogypsina

60. Miogypsina

61. Elphidium

62. Discocyclina

63. Discocyclina

64. Discocyclina

65. Discocyclina

66. Alveolina

67. Alveolina

68. Alveolina

69. Alveolina

70. Coskinolina

71. Coskinolina

72. Coskinolina

73. Coskinolina

74. Coskinolina

75. Coskinolina

76. Miliolids

77. Coskinolina

Bradyina

Climacammina

Beresella

Crinoid

Climacammina

Chaetetes

Staffella

Bradyina

Staffella

Climacammina

Clotted peloidal micrite

Tetrataxis

Tetrataxis

Ooid

Tuberitina foraminifer

Tuberitina foraminifer

Fusulinid

Tetrataxis

Fusulinid

Siphovalvulina

Peloid

Pseudocyclammina

Ostracod

Amijiella amiji

Micrite coated grain

Involutina liassica

Lenticulina

Orbitolina

Cuneolina

Miliolid

Cuneolina

Cuneolina

Orbitolina

Miliolid

Choffatella decipiens

Ostracod

Orbitoides

Rudist fragment

Siderolites calcitrapoides

Miscellanea

Ranikothalia

Orbitolites

Echinoderm

Opertorbitolites

Miliolid

Alveolina

Nummulites

Alveolina

Alveolina

Miliolid

Rotalid

Miliolid

Rotalid

Nummulites

Alveolina

Operculina

Nummulites

Lepidocyclina

Nummulites

Discocyclina

Actinocyclina

Asterigerina

Spiroclypeus

Actinocyclina

Spiroclypeus

Carpenteria

Asterigerina

Gypsina

Rotalid

Chapmanina

Discocyclina

Silvestriella tetraedra

Heterostegina

Heterostegina

Lepidocyclina

Lepidocyclina

Heterostegina

Heterostegina

Elphidium

Spiroclypeus

Lepidocyclina

Carpenteria

Spiroclypeus

Lepidocyclina

Amphistegina

Lepidocyclina

Miogypsinoides

Lepidocyclina

Lithothamnium

Amphistegina

Rotalia

Miogypsinoides

Peneroplis

Archaias

Dendritina

Archaias

Amphistegina

Miogypsinoides

Miogypsinoides

Heterostegina

Miogypsinoides

Lepidocyclina

Miogypsinoides

Miogypsina

Miogypsina

Miogypsina

Elphidium

Alveolina

Orbitolites

Benthic Foraminifera

CLOSE

Bradyina

Climacammina

Beresella

Crinoid

Climacammina

Chaetetes

Staffella

Bradyina

Staffella

Climacammina

Clotted peloidal micrite

Tetrataxis

Tetrataxis

Ooid

Tuberitina foraminifer

Tuberitina foraminifer

Fusulinid

Tetrataxis

Fusulinid

Siphovalvulina

Peloid

Pseudocyclammina

Ostracod

Amijiella amiji

Micrite coated grain

Involutina liassica

Lenticulina

Orbitolina

Cuneolina

Miliolid

Cuneolina

Cuneolina

Orbitolina

Miliolid

Choffatella decipiens

Ostracod

Orbitoides

Rudist fragment

Siderolites calcitrapoides

Miscellanea

Ranikothalia

Orbitolites

Echinoderm

Opertorbitolites

Miliolid

Alveolina

Nummulites

Alveolina

Alveolina

Miliolid

Rotalid

Miliolid

Rotalid

Nummulites

Alveolina

Operculina

Nummulites

Lepidocyclina

Nummulites

Discocyclina

Actinocyclina

Asterigerina

Spiroclypeus

Actinocyclina

Spiroclypeus

Carpenteria

Asterigerina

Gypsina

Rotalid

Chapmanina

Discocyclina

Silvestriella tetraedra

Heterostegina

Heterostegina

Lepidocyclina

Lepidocyclina

Heterostegina

Heterostegina

Elphidium

Spiroclypeus

Lepidocyclina

Carpenteria

Spiroclypeus

Lepidocyclina

Amphistegina

Lepidocyclina

Miogypsinoides

Lepidocyclina

Lithothamnium

Amphistegina

Rotalia

Miogypsinoides

Peneroplis

Archaias

Dendritina

Archaias

Amphistegina

Miogypsinoides

Miogypsinoides

Heterostegina

Miogypsinoides

Lepidocyclina

Miogypsinoides

Miogypsina

Miogypsina

Miogypsina

Elphidium

Alveolina

Orbitolites